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直升機飛行員手冊直升機操作手冊 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook

時間：2011-04-05 11:37來源：藍天飛行翻譯 作者：航空 點擊：次

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The behaviour of the aircraft on making contact with the water will vary according to the state of the sea; the more confused and heavy the swell, the greater the deceleration forces and risks of breaking up (helicopters with a high C of G, such as the Puma, will tip over very easily, and need a sea anchor to keep them stable – in fact, the chances of any helicopter turning upside down are quite high). Landing is less hazardous in a helicopter because you can minimise forward speed. In fact, if you are intentionally ditching, you should come to a hover above the water first, then throw out the kit and the passengers. Having moved away, settle on the surface. If you can’t do that, a zero speed landing should be aimed for, which means a steep flare a little higher and sooner than normal – any fore and aft movement on landing may cause rocking. Level off higher, as well.
You need to protect your thumbs throughout the whole process, as undoing a seat belt is a lot more difficult without them. Another tip is to reduce the length of your neck by hunching your head into your shoulders, like a turtle. Be particularly aware that anything happening to the blades will be transmitted through the controls, and may well be painful, or worse, if you get the cyclic in your stomach. At some stage you will be able to do nothing further with the controls, so be prepared to take place your limbs so that they do not flail about.
Keep the knees together, and prepare to use the hand near the exit to get out with, and the other to release the seat belt, but not until the machine is completely under water and has preferably stopped moving. This is to ensure you keep the same relative position to the chosen exit. It will also provide extra leverage if you have to push against anything.
Once on the water, hold the machine upright and level using all the cyclic control there is, and use the rotor brake (if you've got one). Then let the aircraft sink. Rolling towards the retreating blade is one consideration, but this will increase the chances of disorientation, although it does ensure that the engine or transmission moves away from the cabin if it breaks free, due to gyroscopic precession. The way out of a submerged cabin is to place a hand on an open window or door, and follow your hand out, so you have a better idea of which way is up. Otherwise, instruct passengers not to leave until everything has quietened down. When you do, take the flotation and survival gear, but keep everyone together (remember that even seat cushions float). Attach the raft to the aircraft until you need to inflate it, as it will sail away downwind quite easily.
Splash, use flares or mirrors to attract attention, but let the rescuers come to you. Don't leave the security of the raft or aircraft unless you're actually being rescued as the downwash or wind will blow them away from you.
Keep moving—don't attempt to swim unless land is less than a mile or so away, but DON’T DRINK SEAWATER – it absorbs liquid and body fluids are used to try and get rid of it, so it gets you twice. Cold makes you give up, so try and keep a positive mental attitude. Except in mid-ocean, SAR will be operational very soon after the distress call, so switch on the SARBE or ELT as soon as convenient, which will also assist a SAR satellite to get a fix on you. Try not to point the aerial directly at rescue aircraft as this may put them in a null zone.

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